• The physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR remain la

  2022-01-11

  

  The physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR81 remain largely unclear because of several reasons. The low potency of lactate agonizing GPR81 in the millimolar range, together with its fast metabolic turnover, renders as a challenge in in vivo studies using lactate. Furthermore, there are no po

• GPR A a G protein coupled receptor

  2022-01-11

  

  GPR109A, a G-protein-coupled receptor located mainly on adipocyte cell membranes, has been identified as the molecular target for nicotinic Alisol B 23-acetate [[5], [6], [7]] and mediator of NEFA reduction [5]. As a mechanism of NEFA-lowering, it is recognized that activation of GPR109A leads to Gi

• pHi regulation in astrocytes has been

  2022-01-10

  

  pHi regulation in astrocytes has been examined primarily in cell culture rather than in situ. Two HCO3−-dependent transporters, NBC and Na+-driven Cl-HCO3 exchange (NDCBE), have been described [10,16], in addition to Cl-HCO3 anion exchange (AE) [96]. Culture studies indicate that NHE is the principa

• Introduction Human pathogenic Leishmania protozoa comprise d

  2022-01-10

  

  Introduction Human pathogenic Leishmania protozoa comprise 20 different species that are distributed throughout the world and cause the disease leishmaniasis [1]. Transmission primarily occurs through the bite of a female sand fly and clinical manifestations of the disease span from cutaneous lesio

• Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepati

  2022-01-10

  

  Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepatic glucagon pathway has invariably been shown to increase pancreatic α cell mass. This has been observed in glucagon receptor (GCGR) knockout (Gcgr−/−) mice (Gelling et al., 2003), glucagon knockout mice (Hayashi et al., 2009), prohormone co

• br Formation of secretory vesicles and trafficking

  2022-01-10

  

  Formation of secretory vesicles and trafficking toward plasma membrane Insulin and other components of the secretory granules are sorting and providing certain cues for direct thrombin inhibitor off the adjacent TGN membrane, forming immature secretory clathrin coated vesicles (Gehart and Ricci,

• Electrochemical techniques have attracted broad attention fo

  2022-01-10

  

  Electrochemical techniques have attracted broad attention for their outstanding advantages, such as satisfactory sensitivity and convenient operation. Nowadays, nucleic glucokinase nanostructures such as DNA tetrahedron structure, nucleic acid-mimicking structure, exhibit noticeable application in

• Immunohistochemical evaluation of gastric cancer tumor sampl

  2022-01-10

  

  Immunohistochemical evaluation of gastric cancer tumor samples revealed that 57.8% (59/101) were positive for GLI1, and 71.3% (72/101) stained positive for SHH [27]. Overexpression of SHH and GLI1 protein were significantly associated with larger tumor size, tumor aggressiveness, and less differenti

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion I have

  2022-01-10

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion I have identified an alternative transcript of the integrin αE gene that is abundantly expressed in testis. In humans, this transcript (hAED) includes part of intron 26 and exons 27, 29, 30, and 31 of the conventional αE gene and Northern analysis in

• Any brain damage including that caused by

  2022-01-10

  

  Any Tranilast damage, including that caused by β-amyloid, triggers activation of microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS. These cells cluster around amyloid plaques, in which they extend cytoplasmic processes (Combs, 2009). The significance of this response is controversial, but one possibi

• br Introduction Nicotinic acid has been used clinically for

  2022-01-10

  

  Introduction Nicotinic PHA-793887 has been used clinically for more than 50 years [1] since it has anti-atherogenic effects, including the ability to reduce triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and elevate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [2]. Nicotinic

• br Evasion strategies for enhanced therapeutic

  2022-01-07

  

  Evasion strategies for enhanced therapeutic outcomes In order to increase AED penetration into the CNS, several strategies have been developed over the years to overcome the activity of efflux transporters, by inhibiting their function or by regulating their expression. Due to the high relevance

• br Introduction Depression is a prevalent and disabling psyc

  2022-01-07

  

  Introduction Depression is a prevalent and disabling psychiatric illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide, resulting in enormous personal suffering and public health costs [1]. Traditional antidepressants such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake

• LbGlcK crystallized as a ligandless dimer

  2022-01-07

  

  LbGlcK crystallized as a ligandless dimer in the asymmetric unit of space group P21 (Fig. 1a) with two identical subunits stabilized by a large contact surface area of 2295 Å2 (13% of the total surface area) as determined by the Protein Interfaces, Surfaces, and Assemblies (PISA) server [18]. Each m

• Olanzapine has been reported to attenuate insulin secretion

  2022-01-07

  

  Olanzapine has been reported to attenuate insulin secretion, cause insulin resistance (Chintoh et al., 2008) and reduce whole body carbohydrate oxidation (Klingerman et al., 2014). However, a blunting of these effects in Gcgr−/− mice would not appear to explain the protection against olanzapine-indu

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