• According to the World Health Organization WHO

  2022-01-11

  

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, oligodendrogliomas or anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, which are predominantly composed of cells morphologically resembling oligodendrocytes [23]. These tumors are often estimated to r

• br References and recommended reading

  2022-01-11

  

  References and recommended reading Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: Introduction Male sexual maturation includes gonadal maturation, secondary sexual characteristics, and the attainment of reproductive capacity [1]. Male sexual di

• In this study there is

  2022-01-11

  

  In this study, there is a limitation in the study of sex differences. Only female rats were used in our study. This is because the rats cannot urinate autonomously after SCI. Manual vip receptor emptying was needed until reflex bladder emptying was established (Lu et al., 2008, Ma et al., 2015). Be

• br Resistance to targeted therapy

  2022-01-11

  

  Resistance to targeted therapy The idea of treating HER2 mutant tumors with specific therapies is relatively new and, as a consequence, little is known about the potential mechanisms of resistance to anti-HER2 agents in this setting. Primary resistance may be mediated by the presence of on-target

• The primary physiological role of the HO

  2022-01-11

  

  The primary physiological role of the HO system is the protection of cotransporter from oxidative stress. These cytoprotective effects are attributable both to the degradation of the pro-oxidant heme and to the positive contribution of the metabolites produced during this degradation, namely CO, BV,

• The following are the supplementary data

  2022-01-11

  

  The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Introduction Target therapies have achieved significant gains in the fight against cancer, however, they are still a long way from providing generally curative treatments for the majority of cancers. Targeted agents can be used wi

• The molecular mechanisms underlying spindle orientation are

  2022-01-11

  

  The molecular mechanisms underlying spindle orientation are still largely unknown. Budding yeast has been used to study spindle positioning and asymmetric cell division. Indeed, after cytokinesis, daughter cells have different sizes. The cell division plane is established early in the cell cycle and

• br The serine threonine kinase haspin ploid Germ

  2022-01-11

  

  The serine/threonine kinase haspin (ploid Germ Cell-pecific Nuclear rote Kinase, also known as erm Cell-pecific ene-2; Gsg2) functions in mitosis, where it phosphorylates histone H3 at Thr-3 (H3T3ph). During mitosis, this phosphorylation generates a binding site on H3 for Survivin and thereby posi

• br Cholecystokinin CCK CCK is secreted by

  2022-01-11

  

  Cholecystokinin (CCK) CCK is secreted by enteroendocrine I-cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to amino acids and lipids [14]. There are two forms of the CCK receptor, CCK1 which is expressed on pancreatic α- and β-cells while CCK2 is located on somatostatin-secreting δ-cells [8]. CCK r

• The physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR remain la

  2022-01-11

  

  The physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR81 remain largely unclear because of several reasons. The low potency of lactate agonizing GPR81 in the millimolar range, together with its fast metabolic turnover, renders as a challenge in in vivo studies using lactate. Furthermore, there are no po

• GPR A a G protein coupled receptor

  2022-01-11

  

  GPR109A, a G-protein-coupled receptor located mainly on adipocyte cell membranes, has been identified as the molecular target for nicotinic Alisol B 23-acetate [[5], [6], [7]] and mediator of NEFA reduction [5]. As a mechanism of NEFA-lowering, it is recognized that activation of GPR109A leads to Gi

• pHi regulation in astrocytes has been

  2022-01-10

  

  pHi regulation in astrocytes has been examined primarily in cell culture rather than in situ. Two HCO3−-dependent transporters, NBC and Na+-driven Cl-HCO3 exchange (NDCBE), have been described [10,16], in addition to Cl-HCO3 anion exchange (AE) [96]. Culture studies indicate that NHE is the principa

• Introduction Human pathogenic Leishmania protozoa comprise d

  2022-01-10

  

  Introduction Human pathogenic Leishmania protozoa comprise 20 different species that are distributed throughout the world and cause the disease leishmaniasis [1]. Transmission primarily occurs through the bite of a female sand fly and clinical manifestations of the disease span from cutaneous lesio

• Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepati

  2022-01-10

  

  Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepatic glucagon pathway has invariably been shown to increase pancreatic α cell mass. This has been observed in glucagon receptor (GCGR) knockout (Gcgr−/−) mice (Gelling et al., 2003), glucagon knockout mice (Hayashi et al., 2009), prohormone co

• br Formation of secretory vesicles and trafficking

  2022-01-10

  

  Formation of secretory vesicles and trafficking toward plasma membrane Insulin and other components of the secretory granules are sorting and providing certain cues for direct thrombin inhibitor off the adjacent TGN membrane, forming immature secretory clathrin coated vesicles (Gehart and Ricci,

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